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    • 专利摘要:
    PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR OPERATING A STEAM CYCLE PROCESS WITH LUBRICATED EXPANDER. The invention relates to a process for operating a steam cycle process, which is carried out in a device, which features an evaporator (1) or a steam generator for evaporation of a liquid working medium (A) and an expander lubricated by means of lubricant, for carrying out mechanical work, and the process has the following process steps: a) the liquid working medium (A) is fed to the evaporator (1), in which it evaporates and is fed, still , an ionic liquid (B) as a lubricant, which with liquid working medium (A) forms two liquid phases at room temperature; and c) the ionic liquid, which forms the lubricant for the expander (5), is separated before the evaporator (1) from the working medium (A).
    公开号:BR112012030681B1
    申请号:R112012030681-2
    申请日:2011-05-24
    公开日:2021-02-09
    发明作者:Raimund Almbauer；Roland Kalb；Roland Kirchberger；Josef Klammer
    申请人:Man Truck & Bus Ag；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a process for operating a steam cycle process with a lubricated expander on the displacement principle, according to the preamble of claim 1, as well as a process for operating a steam process. steam cycle according to the preamble of claim 17.
    Steam cycle processes with an expander are known, for example, from DE 127 2 86 D3. The expander can be made, for example, as a piston expander, vane cells, rotation piston, oscillating discs, inclined, root or propeller discs. In the displacement principle, the fresh steam evacuated from the steam generator is guided to the working chamber of the expander, and the fresh steam introduced into the working chamber is stretched in the working cycle due to an enlarging movement of the volume of components, upon delivery. work and the steam spread, when reaching the largest volume in the respective construction, is guided out of an outlet opening for a steam discharge. As steam, not only water vapor can be used, but, admittedly also, other volatile inorganic and organic substances, such as, for example, ammonia, alkanes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, siloxanes and, in general, refrigerants.
    And a large proportion of these expanders need to be lubricated with their own lubricant, with contact between the medium and the lubricant. In the additional circulation, which has the condenser and a pump, the working medium is totally liquefied in the condenser, brought to a higher pressure in the pump and evaporated at least partially in the steam generator.
    A major problem in these cycle processes represents the selection of the lubricant. As most lubricants are heat sensitive, the most complete possible separation of the lubricant from the working medium, before the evaporator is a possibility to be able to use heat sensitive lubricants.
    In order to realize fuel savings, particularly in mobile internal combustion engines, such as, for example, motor vehicle combustion engines, two technical solutions are currently prioritized. In addition to the use of different hybrid concepts, which are mainly available for city and distribution traffic, due to the braking and acceleration processes that occur there, heat recovery systems are also known, which take advantage of the heat from exhaust from the internal combustion engine to provide additional drive energy. These systems for harnessing the exhaust heat are available in mobile internal combustion engines, especially for vehicles, which are operated in long-haul traffic.
    In these exhaust heat recovery systems, the exhaust heat, which is present in the region of the internal combustion engine and / or in the exhaust gas discharge, is transferred, at least partially, to a secondary heat circulation. In the secondary heat circulation, a working medium is circulated and, in this case, it is usually evaporated, at least partially, in an evaporator, the steam is distended in an expansion unit, for example, in a piston expander and, finally, again liquefied in a condenser. Then, the condensed working medium is again brought to evaporation pressure via a pump unit and, thus, the circulation is closed. The mechanical work generated with the expansion unit is fed as additional work to the drive, particularly to a vehicle drive.
    In this context, a heat recovery system for a combustion engine is known from DE 1 26 43 139 A1. With the help of the described system, additional drive energy is made available to the vehicle from the exhaust heat of the internal combustion engine and / or the exhaust gas. After the steam medium is distended in the expander, the secondary heat circulation medium is transported to a condenser, in which it is liquefied, under heat distribution, so that the corresponding steam cycle process is closed.
    The use of expanders to use exhaust heat from internal combustion engines requires complex construction. In order to satisfy all requirements regarding weight, costs, durability, as well as necessary assistance, components that rub against each other, such as, for example, piston and cylinder pairs, slide bearings, slide valves, etc., are lubricated with oil. In this way, a contact is formed between the working medium and the lubricant or lubricated surfaces. As a result, the problem arises that these two means of work mix and, therefore, are transported together in the circulation additionally in the direction of the pump and the evaporator, with many negative secondary manifestations.
    In order to be able to operate the cycle process economically for a long period, the entire construction must guarantee an efficient separation of the lubricating oil from the steam of the working medium, before entering the evaporator. The effective separation of the oil and steam circulations safely prevents the lubricating oil from reaching the hot region of the evaporator and there leading to contamination of the components and the working means by lubricant decomposition products. Lubricants known in the state of the art are largely emulsified with the working medium (for example, water vapor or miscible with it, for example, hydrocarbons). In any case, these lubricants corresponding to the state of the art also have a vapor pressure. This lubricant vapor, practically cannot be separated from the vapor of the working medium. With that, a part of the lubricant arrives through the transport of the heat-carrying medium in the cycle process and there it is exposed to high temperatures, which lead to premature aging, chemical transformation (for example, cracking, until the thermal decomposition of the lubricating oil. In this way, the lubricant is modified in its properties and can no longer sufficiently fulfill its lubrication tasks.
    Starting from the state of the art known and the problem cited, the invention is based on the task of creating a process for operating a steam cycle process, where the lubricant can be separated very well, after the expander, from the working medium.
    This task is solved with the characteristics of the independent claims. Advantageous configurations are the subject of the secondary claims referred to therein.
    This task is solved according to claim 1 with a process for operating a steam cycle process, which is carried out in a device, which features an evaporator or steam generator for evaporation of a liquid working medium and a expander lubricated by means of a lubricant, to generate movement energy or to perform mechanical work, the process having the following process steps: a) the liquid working medium (A) is fed to the evaporator (1 ), in which it evaporates and is fed in the form of steam to the expander (5); b) the expander (5) is also fed as an lubricant an ionic liquid (B), which with the liquid working medium (A) forms two liquid phases at room temperature; and c) the ionic liquid, which forms the lubricant for the expander (5), is separated before the evaporator (1) from the working medium.
    The invention is based on the knowledge that ionic liquids, when they form with the working medium in a liquid state, at room temperature (at approximately 2 ° Celsius or 293 Kelvin) two liquid phases, are very well suited to be used as lubricating oil. Of course, ionic liquids have a very low vapor pressure, which additionally has a favorable effect on the process according to the invention.
    The ionic liquid as a separate lubricant after the expander, in a separation device, which is formed, for example, by an ex-piston piston, which has at least one working piston, has, in this case, only little or almost no means of work dissolved in any form and, in this way, it can be fed directly again to the circulation of lubricant. The lubricant is again transported to the friction parts of the expander.
    Ionic liquids in the sense of recognized literature (eg, Wasserscheid, Peter; Welton, Tom (Eds) .: "Ionic Liquids in Synthesis" by Wiley VCH 28; ISBN 9783527312399; Rogers, Robin D .: Seddon, Kenneth R. (Eds).: "Ionic Liquids Industrial Applications to Green Chemistry", ACS Symposium Series 818 22; ISBN 841237891) liquid organic salts or salt mixtures, consisting of organic cations and organic or inorganic anions, with melting points below 100 ° c.
    In carrying out the process according to the invention, it is also guaranteed, preferably, that the ionic liquid has good lubricating properties as a lubricant (viscosity, temperature stability, long-term stability etc., small corrosivity and effects small negative environmental factors (discharge, toxicity, etc.).
    Ionic liquids have interesting properties for use as lubricating and hydraulic liquids, such as, for example, tendency to small cavitation, due to immeasurably small vapor pressure, very high thermal stability, very high pressure stiffness (= small compressibility, good properties lubricants, high viscosity indexes, difficult flammability, even incombustibility and high thermal conductivity etc. (see, for example, A. Jimenez, M. Bermudez, P. Iglesias, F. Carrion, G. Matinez Nicolas, Wear 26 , 2006, 766778; Z. Um, F. Zhou, S. Zang, Y, Liang, W. Liu, Tribology International 25, 38, 725731; C. Jin, C. Ye, B. Phillips, J. Zabrinkski, X Liu, W. Liu, J. Schreeve, J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 15291535 or DE 102008024284).
    Ionic lubricants can additionally be equipped with ionic and / or molecular additives, such as, for example: • Wear reduction (antiwear) • friction reducer (friction modifiers) • extreme pressure additives • Viscosity modifiers • Perfection index viscosity (VI Improvers) • Corrosion protection additives • Anti-aging agents.antioxidants • Defoamers (Antifoam additives) • Biocides • Surfactants and demulsifiers • Dispersing agents and crosslinkers • Acid regulators • Complexing agents • Thermo-stabilizers • Hydrolysis stabilizers
    It has been shown that for a primary separation of the tonic lubricant from the working medium, the virtually quantitative immiscibility of the working medium in the ionic lubricant is particularly advantageous. The solubility of the ionic lubricant in the working medium should preferably be <0.1 m%, particularly preferably <100 ppm, m <10 PPM and, especially preferably, <1 ppm.
    The solubility of the working medium in the ionic lubricant should preferably be <5 m%, preferably <1 m% and, particularly preferably, <0.1 m%.
    It is also advantageous when the ionic liquid does not have an emulsifying effect as a lubricant, therefore, it does not have or has only a few properties that lower the tension of the contact surfaces.
    The separation of the ionic liquid that functions as a lubricant in the working environment can take place within the vapor cycle process in a separation device of one or more parts or of a ôü more stages, more precisely, in principle, in the base the principles of action or the technique of apparatus. The. By the difference in density by means of gravity or centrifugal force (by acceleration fields): ionic liquids, such as, for example, 1-ethyl -3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (see US 58227602 and US65331241, Covalent Associates Inc.) and 1-ethyl -3 - methylimidazoliotris (pentafluorethyl-) trifluorphosphate (see Journal of Fluorine Chemistry (2005), 126 [8], 1150 1159) show densities of> 1.5 g / cm3, are, for example , completely immiscible with water, do not show any emulsifying capacity, but have good lubrication properties and are completely stable to hydrolysis. They are perfectly separated by density difference. Alternatively, lower density lubricants can also be combined (minimum 0.7 g / cm3) with high density working media, such as, for example, fluorinated hydrocarbons (densities of 1.5 2.0 g / cm3), in this case, the ionic lubricant separates as an upper phase b Mechanically c Using f coalescence filters and / or coelescence separators. d. By the use of polymers as filters, such as, for example, polymers of spatially globular structure (RGS polymers, ion exchange resins, membranes (for example, PTFE, nylon) and other absorptive surfaces, which have an affinity for the respective ionic lubricant therefore, for example, a small contact surface tension e. By ultrafiltration f. By the addition of demulsifiers, therefore, surface-active substances, which dissociate emulsions g. By evaporation of the working medium at temperatures below the decomposition point of the ionic lubricant h) By using strong electric fields i) On electrode surfaces by applying a continuous or alternating voltage j.
    In the case of a multistage separation of the ionic lubricant from the working medium, after the primary separation has been completed, optionally still existing traces can be removed, for example, by filtration through filters and / or filter membranes; filters can consist of the materials described above in c., d. or e.), but the use of usual ion exchange resins or active charcoal, gelatinous silica or silica gel or other adsorbents to remove organic traces is also conceivable. Electrochemical oxidation is also conceivable (for example, in diamond electrodes or Ru / Ta or Ru / lr mixed oxide electrodes).
    In this case, a column-like separation separator, of thin construction, whose base surface is small in relation to the height extension or surface in a vertical axis direction is particularly preferred, with which, particularly in the case of objects moved, such as, for example, a vehicle, it can be ensured that, on the one hand, the construction is done with space saving and, on the other hand, that the mixing of the two phases is hindered. Such column-like configurations should also expressly comprise containers that are curved or serpentine-shaped or are formed in this way at least in partial regions.
    As a working medium, for example, water vapor or any other volatile substance or suitable for evaporation, such as, for example, ammonia, alkanes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, siloxanes or a cooling agent. At this point it must be mentioned that the term "in the form of steam" must be understood in a broad sense and expressly also include gaseous states of the working environment.
    Ionic liquids, which can be used in the process according to the invention, are, for example, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide or 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl- 3-methylimidazolium-tris (pentafuorethyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-m 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris (perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-m 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1 - ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl- 3-m1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-dibutylphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-m 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfuluoralalkylsulfonate, 1-ethyl-3 -m 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-ethyl-3-m 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomethyl, 1- propyl-3 -methylimidazolium-bis [trifluormethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris [entafluorethyl] trifluorophosphate, 1-propyl-3-methyl midazolium- tris [erfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsuflate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1 - propyl-3-methylimidazole-1-propyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazole propyl-3-methylimidazolium-dibutylphosphate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicyamide, 1-propyl-3-methylimidium, 1-propyl-3-methylimidium, 1-propyl-3-methylimidium -propyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomethidium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris [entaluorethyl] trifluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidifluorid-trifluoro-tris] , 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-diethylphosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole-dibut , 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolioperfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarb oxylate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicianamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-thiocyanate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomethyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluomethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-ethyl-1 - methyl Ipirrolidinyl tris (pentafuorethyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methyl Ipyrrolidinin tris (perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinyl methylsulfate 1-methylpyrrolidinium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl- 1-methylpyrrolidinium diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dibutylphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanide, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium perfuluoril-alkylpyrril-alkyl-1-methylpyrril-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinyl 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricianomethyl, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] imide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris [entaluorethyl] 1-trifluorfosphate, -methylpyrrolidinium tris [erfluoralkyl] trifluorophosphate, ethyl 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium sulfate, 1-butyl-1 - methylpyrrolidinium methylsulfate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium diethylphosphate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dibutylphosphate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyamide -1-methylpyrrolidinium perfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium thiocyanate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricianomethyl, tetraalkylammon bis (trifluoromethyl-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-trifluoromethylsulfonyl) trifluorphosphate, tetraalkylammonium tris [erfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, tetraalkylammonium ethyl sulfate, tetraalkylammonium methylsulfate, tetraalkylammonium methanesulfonate, tetraalkylammonylmethylammonylmethylamethylmethylamethylmethylamethylmethylamethylmethylamine , tetraalkylammonium thiocyanate, tetraalkylammonium triyanyanide, or mixtures thereof.
    For use with water or ammonia, ionic liquids, which have fluorinated anions and / or cations with one or more alkyl chains of medium length (C5 to C10), are particularly suitable. For use with siloxanes, alkanes or fluoralkanes as a working medium, ionic liquids are particularly suitable, which contain anions containing small polar oxygen atoms, with one or more short alkyl chains (C1 to C4), optionally substituted by oxygen.
    According to a specific modality, on the one hand it may be provided that the ionic liquid, for lubrication of the expander, is fed to the working medium in the form of steam upstream of the expander and, thus, to the expander, together with the Work. In this case, it is called a mixed lubrication. Alternatively or also additionally, however, it may also be foreseen to add the ionic liquid directly to the expander, for example, to perform a circulating lubrication. That is, that here, then, the ionic liquid is guided in a controlled manner to the lubricating points of the expander. With both variants, a lubricant supply is ensured, which guarantees an advantageous and safe expander lubrication.
    According to another specific configuration of the steam cycle process, it is proposed that the working medium in the form of steam, before re-feeding it to the evaporator and downstream from the expander, be fed to at least one condenser, in which the working medium in the form of steam can be liquefied with operational safety, before the new supply to the evaporator or steam generator. As previously described, the working medium in the form of steam is fed downstream of the expander yet to at least one separation device, in which the ionic liquid can be separated in one or more stages of the working medium. Here, there are now several different possibilities for the arrangement and / or arrangement and / or arrangement one after the other of capacitors and separation devices, with the preferred arrangement possibilities being explained in more detail and exemplarily, below:
    Thus, according to a first variant, it can be provided that the condenser is arranged downstream of the expander and upstream of the separation device, so that the mixture leaving the expander, of working medium and ionic liquid.
    Alternatively, according to a second variant, it can be provided that the condenser, particularly in the case of a working medium that leaves the expander in the form of steam, is arranged downstream of the separating device in the circulation of working medium, so that working medium, at least partially in the form of steam, that comes from the separating device, and fed to the condenser.
    Optionally, a combination of the two variants can also be appropriate.
    For a particularly efficient and economical steam cycle process, both the working medium as well as the ionic liquid that works as a lubricant are guided in circulation, with the two circuits depending on the concrete modality, particularly depending on the type of expander lubrication, are circulations separated from each other, to a greater or lesser extent. According to a particularly preferred configuration for this purpose, it is envisaged that the ionic liquid that functions as a lubricant for the expander, is guided in such a way in a lubricant circulation, that the ionic liquid is removed from at least one lubricant reservoir and fed to the expander, from where it is again returned to at least one lubricant reservoir.
    This lubricant reservoir, in this case, can be formed, in general, by at least one separation device, in which the ionic liquid is separated in one or more stages of the working medium. The separation device works here, therefore, in a double function, which saves both component parts and also construction space, once, as a reservoir for the ionic liquid or also as a reservoir for the working medium and, on the other hand hand, in its traditional function as a separator. In this context, it is particularly advantageous when the reservoir is formed by at least one separation device described above and disposed downstream of the expander, to which the mixture coming from the expander, working medium and ionic liquid is fed.
    According to another preferred configuration, it is provided for the case of circulations totally separated from each other, for the working medium and the ionic liquid, that the lubricant reservoir is formed by a container associated with the expander, particularly by a container in the manner of an oil collector associated with the expander, in which, on the one hand, the ionic liquid is received as a liquid phase, as well as, on the other hand, the steam-shaped working medium, which enters the lubricant circulation in the of blow by vapors, as a vapor phase. From that container, the ionic liquid is fed to the expander, separately and independently of the working medium, in the form of steam, more precisely, by means of a pump or by gravity reflux. These vapors from blow by working medium occur, for example, in piston expanders and arrive there along the piston side area of the working chamber towards the crankcase. The steam working medium, which accumulates in the container, is also discharged from the container, for example, by means of a ventilation of the crankcase, through which the steam working medium can escape automatically due to the its vapor pressure (optionally, the vapors can also be sucked in using a corresponding auxiliary device).
    As not only the circulation of lubricant is contaminated with blow by vapors, but also the circulation of working medium is contaminated with ionic liquid, for example, by means of a lubricant film, which is formed in the working chamber, on the side of the wall, for example, a piston of a piston expander, it is provided in another preferred configuration that the working medium discharged from the container, in the form of steam and optionally, contaminated with ionic liquid, is fed to the hair at least one separation device disposed downstream of the expander, to which the working medium coming from the expander is also fed and contaminated with ionic liquid. In that case, it is particularly advantageous that the steam working medium discharged from the container before feeding to at least one separating device, is fed to a condenser, in which the steam working medium is liquefied. Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the container is connected in such a way with the separating device, that ionic liquid can flow from the separating device into the container, as well as, optionally, inversely. With this conduct of the process according to the invention, now explained in more detail, it is simply ensured that the ionic liquid will not enrich itself with too large amounts of working medium or in the circulation of working medium, which increases safety of operation, and, in addition, it also enables an optimized configuration and dimensioning, in small construction, of the devices and pipes of the steam cycle process.
    The task according to the invention is further solved by a device for operating the steam cycle, particularly for carrying out a process according to one of the process claims according to the invention, which has at least one evaporator or steam generator, for evaporation of the liquid working medium and an expander lubricated by means of a lubricant, for the generation of movement energy or for the execution of mechanical work, the lubricant being formed by an ionic liquid, which forms with the liquid working medium, at room temperature, two liquid phases. With such a device, the same advantages result as with conducting the process according to the invention, so that at this point they no longer need to be repeated and in this regard reference is made to the explanations given previously. The same goes for the device's preferred configurations.
    Conducting the process according to the invention, like the device according to the invention, can be appropriate and used for the most diverse purposes of use and application cases. A preferred application case, cited here by way of example, provides for the use of process conduction according to the invention and / or the device according to the invention in connection with a heat recovery device for a motor vehicle, particularly for a motor vehicle. motor vehicle operated with an internal combustion engine, as described, for example, in 10 2006 028 868 A1. In this context, it is advantageous, for example, in a particularly preferred concrete configuration, to couple the heat exchanger directly or indirectly with the heat source of the motor vehicle, particularly with an internal combustion engine and / or a exhaust gas and / or a charge air cooler. On the other hand, the expander is then connected or coupled in a power transmitting manner, directly or indirectly, with a drive extension and / or an electric motor, which can be operated as a generator and / or at least one consumer of the motor vehicle. , particularly a cooling and / or air conditioning unit as a consumer.
    The invention is explained in more detail below, by means of a drawing, which shows schematically or only exemplarily preferred embodiments of the invention. Individually, they show: figure 1 schematically, a principle representation of a first example of a steam cycle process according to the invention, in which a separation of the lubricant occurs in the liquid phase of the steam circulation, figure 2 schematically, a principle representation of a second example of a steam cycle process according to the invention, in which the lubricant is separated in the liquid phase of the steam circulation, figure 3 schematically, a principle representation of a third example of modality of a steam cycle process according to the invention, in which, unlike the modality according to figure 1, ionic liquid is mixed as a lubricant upstream of an expander to the steam-shaped working medium, and figure 4 schematically, a principle representation of a fourth example of modality of a steam cycle process according to the invention, in which it separates it Lubrication occurs in the liquid phase of the steam circulation and the separation of steam from the lubricant occurs in the vapor phase. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a first example of a steam cycle process according to the invention, which shows circulations for a working medium A and for an ionic liquid B that works as a lubricant.
    Concretely, an example of a stage separation device, shown, for example, is formed, for example, by a gravity separator, by means of which the separation of ionic liquid B from working medium A takes place in liquid phase. . The separation device 4 is preferably formed here by a column-like container to obtain the greatest possible height extension to a relatively small base surface, which, however, is only shown here schematically. Of course, even substantially more slender or elongated configurations are also possible. Circulation for working medium A (in the present example, liquid working medium A is lighter than ionic liquid, which works as a lubricant) is shown with a solid line 6, and circulation for ionic liquid B is shown with dashed line 7.
    Reference number 1 shows an evaporator, in which the liquid working medium A is evaporated. The working medium A is conveyed for this purpose from the separation device 4 to the evaporator by means of a feed pump 2.
    The heat of evaporation Qzu fed to the evaporator 1, can come in this case, depending on the application case, from different heat sources. In the case of using such a steam cycle process in connection, for example, with a heat recovery system in an engine, the heat fed to the evaporator 1 is decoupled, preferably from a combustion engine. and / or an exhaust gas and / or a charge air cooler. Depending on the location of the heat decoupling, different evaporation temperatures can then be made available in the evaporator 1, which requires a working medium correspondingly adapted according to the predetermined temperature level. For example, water as a working medium can be used only in case the evaporation temperature in the evaporator clearly exceeds 100 ° C, which is the case, for example, when the heat is decoupled from the exhaust gas.
    From the evaporator 1, the working medium in the form of steam is transported through line 6 to the expander 5, where, under strain, it provides mechanical work. This mechanical work, depending on the application case, can be used in a different way. In connection with a motor vehicle, such as, for example, a utility vehicle, all the mechanical work provided here is fed to the drive, particularly to a vehicle drive and / or by an electric motor on the side of the vehicle, which can be operated as a generator, it is converted into energy and / or supplied to another suitable consumer, such as, for example, a refrigeration appliance.
    The expander 5 is also supplied with lubricant, therefore, the ionic liquid B, through line 7. There, the ionic liquid performs the lubrication. Alternatively, the ionic liquid B can be fed to the working medium in the form of steam coming from the evaporator 1, but also before the expander 5, which is shown in figure 3, which, moreover, is identical to the modality shown in figure 1.
    From the expander 5, the mixture of working medium A in the form of steam B reaches a condenser 3, where the mixture is liquefied. The Qab exhaust heat from condenser 3, depending on the application case, can be fed back to an appropriate system for the respective application case. In the case of a motor vehicle, such as, for example, a utility vehicle, it is possible to supply that exhaust heat, for example, to a vehicle cooling system. The liquefied mixture is transported to the separation device 4, where the ionic liquid B, since it is not miscible with the liquid working medium A, accumulates here, as a specifically heavier liquid in the lower region .
    The ionic liquid B is removed on the bottom side of the deseeding device4 through a pump and, through line 7, again guided to the expander 5.
    According to a modification shown in figure 2 of the fashion mode of figurei, it is also possible to provide for condenser 3 downstream of the separation device4, with respect to the circulation of the working medium A, in the present case exemplified, therefore, between the separation 4 and pump 2. This variant is, above all, convenient when the working medium leaves the expander 5 substantially only as steam. With such a process conduction, in which the working medium A leaves the expander 5 substantially only in the form of steam, a very good possibility of separating the working medium in the form of steam from the ionic liquid B in the separation device 4 results , and then, subsequently, the proportion of the working medium, optionally still in the form of steam, coming from the separation device 4, is liquefied in the condenser 3, before feeding to the evaporator 1. In figure 4 this is shown, finally , another variant of modality, which with regard to the arrangement of the expander 5, the condenser 3, the separation device 4, as well as the evaporator 1 corresponds to the configuration according to figure 1, but with the difference that, in addition -additionally to the separation device 4, a device is formed which forms a container 1 for separating the vapor from the lubricant, which is arranged, for example, in the expander 5 in the manner of an oil collector, which here, however However, it is not represented in detail. This container serves as a collecting container for working medium A substantially and vapor form, which, for example, arrives in the form of blow by vapors in the piston working chamber of the expander 5 formed, for example, as a piston expander, from circulation of working medium the circulation of lubricant 7. This working medium in vapor form accumulates in container 1 above an ionic liquid B, which forms a liquid phase. The lubricant contaminated with ionic liquid in the form of vapors from blow by working medium, arrives, in this case, through a lubricant discharge line 3, preferably on the side of the head, as shown schematically in the figure 4, to container 1.
    Leaving container 1, a discharge line 12 is branched here, which represents, for example, a crankcase air outlet, through which the steam working medium, contaminated with ionic liquid as a lubricant, is fed to an evaporation line 11, which branches off the expander 5 and drags lubricant-contaminated working medium (contamination arises, in particular, from layers of lubricant film, particularly on the side of the working chamber, on the walls, so as to what lubricant can pass from the circulation of lubricant 7 to the circulation of the working medium. This working medium stream contaminated with ionic liquid as a lubricant and then fed to the condenser 3, in which the working medium is liquefied, before being fed, subsequently to the separation device 4, together with the ionic liquid. The ionic liquid, which accumulates at the base of the separation device 4, can then be fed into the container 1 by gravity reflux or, as stated here, optionally also be fed by a lubricant pump 8, preferably on the side of the base.
    As is still visible in figure 4, a lubricant pump 9 can still be provided, by means of which ionic liquid B is aspirated from the container 1 and fed, for example, to the expander 5.
    It is understood that, of course, also in connection with the example of modality in figure 4, in principle there is also the possibility, alternatively or additionally, to provide a mixed lubrication in the sense of the modality according to figure 2. EXPERIMENTAL PART
    For the use of ionic liquids as a lubricant in a steam cycle process in the sense of the present idea according to the invention, in addition to appropriate lubricating properties, the smallest possible miscibility of the steam generating working medium as an ionic liquid is decisive, that serves as a lubricant. As the working medium is evaporated in the evaporator, the solubility of the ionic liquid in the working medium must be as low as possible. But, vice versa, the low solubility of the working medium is also desirable to obtain cavitation damage at the lubrication point. Test 1: 5 g of 1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate (ionic liquid) were vigorously stirred with 5 g of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (steam generating working medium) in a round flask for 2 hours for magnetic stirrer and heating bath at a temperature of 8 ° C (typical use temperature) The mixture was transferred to a stirring funnel and shaken very vigorously, manually, for 1 minute. that a clean phase separation took place within a few seconds. After a 2 minute waiting time (typical resting time for a first phase separation by gravitation in use), the two phases were separated and transferred for measurement in vials of test (case A: separation by gravitation).
    The whole process was repeated with a second sample, and in addition to the gravity separation, the separated working medium was filtered through a 0.45 μm PTFE membrane filter (case B: filtration separation).
    The whole process was repeated with a third sample, and in addition to the gravity separation, the separated working liquid was centrifuged at a speed of 5000n rpm for 10 minutes and then filtered through a 0.45 PTFE membrane filter. μm (case C: separation by centrifugation and filtration). Measurement of the ionic liquid remaining in the working medium:
    A quantity for analysis of a few g of separated 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-disiloxane was evaporated on a rotary evaporator at 60 ° C and pressure dropped until finally (<10 mbar), to separate the medium of volatile work of the traces of non-evaporable ionic liquid: ionic liquids present - as is well known to the technician - for very few exceptions, a small vapor pressure, practically immeasurable and, under these conditions, remain quantitatively in the residue of the balloon. This residue was then washed with pure 2-propanol p.a. for UV spectroscopy, quantitatively, in a 10 ml measuring flask and homogenized. Then, extinction was measured at a wavelength of 213 nm by means of a UV spectrometer against a 2-propanol cuvette. By standard addition of pure ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate in 10 ppm steps, calculated on the original amount of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, a calibration curve was produced, the amount of liquid dissolved ion was measured and calculated to the original concentration. The linear regression of the R2 calibration curve was better than 0.95. Results of
    Concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate in 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane: Case (A (separation by gravitation): 300 ppm Case B (separation by centrifugation): 43 ppm Case C (separation by centrifugation and filtration): 33 ppm Evaluation of the remaining working medium in the ionic liquid: The 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane working medium shows in the infrared spectrum of a Mattson Galaxy 2020 spectrometer with a ZnSe-ATR measuring cell, as opposed to aò ionic liquid, a very strong peak at 2133 cm-1 The separated ionic liquid (case A) showed in practically the same wave number of 2130 cm-1, a minimum peak, close to the dissolution limit, which could be clearly identified such as 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-disiloxane. Comparing the peak surface of pure dilo-xane, 42 units, then this gives an assessed concentration of less than 1 weight percent. Test 2: 50 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate (ionic liquid) were shaken vigorously with 50 g of hexamethyldisiloxane (steam generating working medium) in a closed flask for 2 hours by means of a magnetic stirrer and heating bath at a temperature of 80 ° C (typical use temperature). The mixture was transferred to a stirring funnel and manually stirred very vigorously for 1 minute. After stirring was completed, it was observed that a clean phase separation occurred within a few seconds. The remaining experimental procedure occurred analogously to test 1. The linear regression of the calibration curve R2 was better than 0.95. Results Concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate in hexamethyldisiloxane: Case (A (gravitational separation): 350 ppm Case B (centrifugal separation): 55 ppm Case C (centrifugation and filtration separation): 26 ppm Assessment of the remaining working medium in the ionic liquid: The hexamethyldisiloxane working medium does not show any suitable group in the infrared spectrum and was not measured Test 3: 50 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate (ionic liquid) were stirred vigorously with 50 g of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-disiloxane (steam generating working medium) in a closed flask closed for 2 hours by means of a magnetic stirrer and heating bath at a temperature of 80 ° C (temperature typical use). The mixture was transferred to a stirring funnel and manually stirred very vigorously for 1 minute. After stirring, it was observed that a clean phase separation occurred within a few seconds. The remainder occurred analogously to phase C in test 1. The linear regression of the calibration curve R2 was better than 0.95. Results Concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfate in 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane: Case C (separation by centrifugation and filtration): 23 ppm Evaluation of the remaining working medium in the ionic liquid:
    The working medium 1,1,3,3, -tetramethyldisiloxane was measured analogously to test 1 by means of IR spectroscopy and evaluated at <0.5 weight percent. Test 4: 50 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate (ionic liquid) were vigorously stirred with 50 g of hexamethyldisiloxane (steam generating working medium) in a round flask closed for 2 hours by means of a magnetic stirrer and bath heating to a temperature of 80 ° C (typical use temperature). The mixture was transferred to a stirring funnel and manually stirred very vigorously for 1 minute. After stirring was completed, it was observed that a clean phase separation occurred within a few seconds. The remaining experimental procedure occurred analogously to case C of test 1. The linear regression of the calibration curve R2 was better than 0.95. Results Concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate in hexamethyldisiloxane: Case C (separation by centrifugation and filtration): 11 ppm Evaluation of the remaining working medium in the ionic liquid: The hexamethyldisiloxane working medium does not show any group in the infrared spectrum. appropriate and has not been measured. Test 5: 50 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris (pentafluorethyl) trifluorphosphate (ionic liquid) were shaken vigorously with 50 g of distilled water (steam generating working medium) in a closed flask for 2 hours by means of magnetic stirrer and heating bath at a temperature of 80 ° C (typical use temperature). The mixture was transferred to a stirring funnel and manually stirred very vigorously for 1 minute. After stirring was completed, it was observed that a clean phase separation occurred within a few seconds and no emulsion was formed. After a waiting time of 2 minutes (typical resting time for phase separation by gravitation in the application), the two phases were separated and for measurement filled into test flasks (case A: gravitation separation).
    The whole process was repeated with a second sample, and in addition to the gravity separation, the separated working medium was filtered through a 0.45 μm PTFE membrane filter (case B: filtration separation).
    The whole process was repeated with a third sample, and in addition to the gravity separation, the separated working liquid was centrifuged at a speed of 5000n rpm for 10 minutes and then filtered through a 0.45 PTFE membrane filter. μm (case C: separation by centrifugation and filtration).
    Measurement of the ionic liquid remaining in the working medium:
    A quantity for analysis of a few g of distilled water se-stopped was evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 60 ° C and pressure dropped until, finally, (<10 mbar), to separate the volatile working medium from the traces of the liquid non-evaporable ionic: ionic liquids present - as is well known to the technician - for very few exceptions, a small vapor pressure, practically immeasurable and, under these conditions, remain quantitatively in the residue of the flask. This residue was then washed with pure 2-propanol p.a. for UV spectroscopy, quantitatively, in a 10 ml measuring flask and homogenized. Then, extinction was measured at a wavelength of 213 nm by means of a UV spectrometer against a 2-propanol cuvette. By standard addition of pure ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris (pentafluorethyl) trifluorphosphate in 10 ppm steps, calculated on the original amount of distilled water, a calibration curve was produced, the amount of dissolved ionic liquid was measured and calculated for the original concentration. The linear regression of the R2 calibration curve was better than 0.95. Results Concentration of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethyl sulfate in 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane: tris (pentafluoretill) trifluorophosphate in distilled water: Case (A (gravitation separation): 65 ppm Case B (centrifugation separation) : 45 ppm Case C (centrifugation and filtration separation): 10 ppm Measurement of water remaining in the ionic liquid: 5 The water content of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris (pentafluorethyl) trifluorophosphate was determined by means of voltammetry Karl-Fischer with 3100 ppm.
    权利要求:
    Claims (24)
    [0001]
    1. Process for operating a steam cycle process, which is carried out in a device, which features an evaporator (1) or a steam generator for evaporation of a liquid working medium (A) and an expander lubricated by means of a lubricant to perform mechanical work, and the process has the following process steps: a) the liquid working medium (A) is fed to the evaporator (1), in which it evaporates and is fed to the expander (5) in the form steam; b) the expander (5) is also supplied with an ionic liquid (B) as a lubricant, which with the liquid working medium (A) forms two liquid phases at room temperature; and c) the ionic liquid, which forms the lubricant for the expander (5), is separated before the evaporator (1) from the working medium (A), characterized by the fact that the solubility of the ionic lubricant in the working medium amounts to < 0.1 m%, and that the solubility of the working medium in the ionic lubricant amounts to <1 m%.
    [0002]
    2. Process according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the ionic liquid for lubricating the expander (5) and, therefore, fed to the expander (5) together with the working medium (A) and / or that the liquid ionic is added to the expander (5).
    [0003]
    Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the working medium in the form of steam, before re-feeding it to the evaporator (1) and downstream of the expander (5) is fed at least to one condenser, in which the working medium (A) in the form of steam is liquefied.
    [0004]
    Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the working medium (A) O in the form of steam is fed downstream of the expander (5) to at least one separation device (40, in which the ionic liquid (B) is separated into one or more stages of the working medium (A).
    [0005]
    5. Process according to claims 3 and 4, characterized by the fact that the condenser (3) is arranged downstream of the expander (5) and upstream of the separating device (4), so that the condenser is the mixture that leaves the expander (5) of working medium (A) and ionic liquid (B) is fed.
    [0006]
    6. Process according to claims 3 and 4, characterized by the fact that the condenser (3), particularly in the case of a working medium (A) in the form of steam, which leaves the expander, is arranged downstream of the device separation means (4) in the working circulation, so that the condenser (3) is supplied with a working means (A) at least partially in the form of steam, coming from the separation device (4).
    [0007]
    7. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the ionic liquid (B), which functions as a lubricant for the expander (5), is guided in a lubricant circulation, in such a way that the ionic liquid ( B) is removed from at least one lubricant reservoir (4; 10) and fed to the expander (5), from where it is returned to the lubricant reservoir (4; 10).
    [0008]
    8. Process according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the lubricant reservoir (4; 10) is formed by at least one day of separation, in which the ionic liquid (B) is separated in one or more stages of the working environment (A).
    [0009]
    Process according to claims 4 and 8, characterized by the fact that the lubricant reservoir is formed by at least one separation device (4), disposed downstream of the expander (5), to which the mixture coming from is fed the expander (5) of working medium (A) and ionic liquid (B).
    [0010]
    10. Process according to claims 8 and 9, characterized by the fact that the working medium and the ionic liquid are guided in separate circulations from each other, the lubricant reservoir being formed by a container (10) associated with the expander (5), particularly by an expander oil collector, in which, on the one hand, the ionic liquid (B) is received as a liquid phase, as well as, on the other hand, a working medium, substantially in the form of vapor ( blow-by vapors) as the vapor phase and, starting from that container (10), the ionic liquid (B) is fed to the expander (5) separately and independently of the working medium (A) in the form of vapor, preferably, by means of a pump (9) or by gravity reflux, that the ionic liquid (B) from the expander (5) is fed to the container (10), particularly from a crankcase of the expander (5) , together with the blow-by vapors from the working medium, and that the working medium (A) in the form of steam, that accumulates in the container (10) is discharged from the container (10).
    [0011]
    Process according to claims 9 and 10, characterized in that the working medium (A) in the form of steam and optionally contaminated with ionic liquid, discharged from the container (10), is fed to at least one device separation (4) disposed downstream of the expander (5), to which, in the case of separate circulations of working medium and lubricant, working medium A) coming from the expander (5) and contaminated with ionic liquid is also fed (B), since it is provided, preferably provided, that the working medium (A) in the form of steam, discharged from the container (10), before feeding to at least one separation device (4), is fed to a condenser (3), in which the working medium (A) in the form of steam is liquefied, and / or that the container (10) is connected with the separation device (4) in such a way that ionic liquid ( B) can run from the separation device (4) to the container (10), as well as, optionally, inversely .
    [0012]
    Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the device with which the steam cycle process is carried out, is an integral part of at least one heat recovery device of a motor vehicle, particularly of a motor vehicle operated with an internal combustion engine, so that the evaporator (1) is supplied with exhaust heat from the motor vehicle, particularly from an internal combustion engine and / or an exhaust gas and / or a charge air cooler as heat, and that the mechanical work performed by the expander (5) is used by the motor vehicle, in particular, it is fed to a motor vehicle drive extension and / or it is powered by a motor electric operated as a generator and / or to a consumer of the motor vehicle, particularly to a cooling and / or air conditioning system as a consumer.
    [0013]
    13. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that water vapor or a volatile substance, in particular ammonia, alkanes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, siloxanes or a refrigerant, are used as the working medium.
    [0014]
    Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that 1-ethyl-3-m1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide or 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl is used as the ionic liquid -3- methylimidazolium-tris (pentafuorethyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris (perfluoralkyl] trifluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl -3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl-3 -m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-dibutylphosphate, 1- ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicianamide, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfuluoralkylsulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-m1 -ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-m1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomethyl, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis [trifluormethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris [pentafluorethyl] trifluorophosphate, 1-prop yl-3-methylimidazolium-tris [perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsuflate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1-propyl-3-methyl diethylphosphate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-dibutylphosphate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidolium-propane-3-dicyamide thiocyanate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomethidium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris [pentaluorethyl] trifluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-methylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-diethyl-phosphate, 1-butyl-phosphate methylimidazolium-dibutylphosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolioperfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-perfluoralkylcarboxyl ato, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-thiocyanate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricianomidium, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] imide or 1-ethyl-1 - methylpyrrolidinium tris (pentafluorethyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris (perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-1-ethyl-sulfon-1-ethyl ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dibutylphosphate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicianamide, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium perfluoralkylsulfonate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium perfluoralate thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricianomethyl, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] imide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris [pentafluorethyl] trifluorphosphate, 1-butyl-1-methyltrifluoridine] trifluoridine , 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ethyl sulfate, 1-butyl -1- methylpyrrolidinium methylsulfate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium diethylphosphate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dibutylphosphate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyamide-1-butyl-methyl-1-butyl-methyl-1-butyl-1-butyl-1-butyl-1-butyl - phonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium perfluoralkylcarboxylate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium thiocyanate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricianomethyl, tetraalkylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl] tetra-alkylammonium trifluoro trifluorine]] tris [perfluoralkyl] trifluorphosphate, tetraalkylammonium ethyl sulfate, tetraalkylammonium methyl sulfate, tetraalkylammonium methanesulfonate, tetraalkylammonium diethylphosphate, tetraalkylammonyl ductylphylammonylmethylamylammonylmethylamylamylammonylmethylammonylmethylammonylmethylammonylmethylamide , tetraalkylammonium tri-cyanomethium, or an ionic liquid, which have fluorinated anions and / or cationium nodes with one or more alkyl chains of medium length (C5 to C10), or. An ionic liquid containing anions and / or cations, containing small, polar oxygen atoms, with one or more short alkyl chains (C1 to C4), optionally substituted by oxygen, or a mixture of any of the ionic liquids described above.
    [0015]
    Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solubility of the ionic lubricant in the working medium amounts to <100 ppm, particularly preferably <10 ppm, and especially preferably <1 ppm.
    [0016]
    16. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the solubility of the working medium in the ionic lubricant amounts to <0.1 m%.
    [0017]
    17. Device as defined in one of the preceding claims, and for operating a steam cycle process, according to one of the preceding process claims, it has at least one evaporator (1) or steam generator for evaporation of a liquid working medium (A) and an expander (5) lubricated by means of a lubricant, for carrying out mechanical work, the lubricant being formed by an ionic liquid (B), which with the liquid working medium (A ) forms two liquid phases at room temperature, characterized by the fact that the solubility of the ionic lubricant in the working medium amounts to <0.1 m%, and that the solubility of the working medium in the ionic lubricant totals <1 m%.
    [0018]
    18. Device according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that the expander (5) is provided downstream with at least one condenser (3) and / or at least one separation device (4), being that, preferably, it is provided that a capacitor (3) is arranged upstream and / or downstream of the separation device (4).
    [0019]
    19. Device according to claim 17 or 18, characterized by the fact that, in each case, a separate circulation is provided for the working medium (A) and for the ionic liquid, which functions as a lubricant for the expander (5 ), particularly in such a way that downstream of the expander (5) at least one separation device (4) is provided, which acts as a reservoir for the working medium (A) and / or for the ionic liquid (B) , to which the working medium contaminated with ionic liquid can be fed, coming from the expander (5) and / or ionic liquid B) contaminated with working medium (A).
    [0020]
    20. Device according to claim 19, characterized by the fact that the expander (5) is associated with a container (10), particularly a container formed in the manner of an oil collector (10), as a reservoir for the ionic liquid ( B), which can be fed with ionic liquid (B), contaminated with working medium, coming from the expander (5), and that from the container (10) a line is guided, preferably a line guided through a condenser ( 5), to the separation device (4).
    [0021]
    21. Device according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that the separation device (4) is formed as a column-shaped separation vessel, of thin construction.
    [0022]
    22. Heat recovery device for a motor vehicle, particularly for a motor vehicle operated by an internal combustion engine, with a device according to one of claims 17 to 21, for carrying out a process as defined in one of the claims 1 to 16.
    [0023]
    23. Heat recovery device according to claim 22, characterized in that the evaporator (1) is coupled for direct or indirect heat transmission with a heat source from the motor vehicle, particularly with an internal combustion engine and / or a gas exhaust system and / or a charge air cooler.
    [0024]
    24. Heat recovery device according to claim 22 or 23, characterized in that the expander (5) is connected or coupled with power transmission, directly or indirectly, with a drive extension and / or with a motor electric operated as a generator and / or with at least one consumer of the motor vehicle, particularly a cooling and / or air conditioning system as a consumer.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    DE102010022408B4|2016-11-24|
    AU2011260641A1|2013-01-10|
    AU2011260641B2|2015-12-17|
    WO2011151029A3|2012-07-05|
    EP2577003A2|2013-04-10|
    JP2013532250A|2013-08-15|
    RU2012157311A|2014-07-20|
    CN102947551A|2013-02-27|
    JP6025714B2|2016-11-16|
    EP2577003B1|2018-07-18|
    BR112012030681A2|2016-09-13|
    MX347561B|2017-05-03|
    US20130263598A1|2013-10-10|
    MX2012013891A|2013-02-21|
    CN102947551B|2016-07-06|
    DE102010022408A1|2011-12-01|
    US9382816B2|2016-07-05|
    WO2011151029A2|2011-12-08|
    RU2571698C2|2015-12-20|
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    法律状态:
    2018-12-26| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law|
    2019-11-12| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: suspension of the patent application procedure|
    2020-12-08| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|
    2021-02-09| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 24/05/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102010022408.1A|DE102010022408B4|2010-06-01|2010-06-01|Method and apparatus for operating a steam cycle with lubricated expander|
    DE102010022408.1|2010-06-01|
    PCT/EP2011/002573|WO2011151029A2|2010-06-01|2011-05-24|Method and apparatus for operating a steam cycle process with a lubricated expander|
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